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Avalon and Engina Successfully Recovered 15 Rare Earth Elements with Breakthrough Processing Technology for Nechalacho Project, NWT Canada Engina's proprietary Hybrid Supercritical Refining process delivers >90% recoveries with a largely closed-loop

Metallurgy & Processing

Avalon and Engina Successfully Recovered 15

Rare Earth Elements with Breakthrough

Processing Technology for Nechalacho

Project, NWT Canada

Engina's proprietary Hybrid Supercritical Refining process

delivers >90% recoveries with a largely closed-loop

environmentally friendly system, low-impact design and low

costs.

Toronto, Ontario--(Newsfile Corp. - November 24, 2025) -

Avalon Advanced Materials Inc.

(TSX: AVL)

(OTCQB: AVLNF) ("Avalon" or the "Company") and Engina Corporation ("Engina") have completed a

joint assessment confirming that Engina's proprietary Hybrid Supercritical Refining (HSR) process, a

next-generation rare earth extraction technology that can deliver breakthrough performance for Avalon's

Nechalacho in the Northwest Territories, Canada.

The assessment confirms that Engina's next-generation hydrometallurgical process, which integrates a

unique caustic pretreatment together with supercritical fluid extraction, demonstrated overall rare earth

recoveries exceeding 90% in preliminary bench-scale testing across the full rare-earth element inventory

present in the Nechalacho concentrate under moderate operating conditions, while also significantly

reducing chemical consumption and environmental impact compared with the conventional acid bake-

water leach (ABWL) and

molten caustic-cracking routes previously assessed by Avalon.

The assessment was led by internationally recognized Dr. Gisele Azimi of Engina Corporation. Azimi,

P.Eng., is a leading expert in hydrometallurgical process innovation and advanced materials

engineering.

Figure 1: Uses of Light and Heavy Rare Earth Elements (REEs)

To view an enhanced version of this graphic, please visit:

https://images.newsfilecorp.com/files/3386/275564_34748974c4056926_001full.jpg

Transformative Results and Environmental Benefits

The HSR process represents a step-change in rare earth extraction technology. It is designed as a

largely closed-loop, water-lean system. Based on modelling and design targets the process is designed

to eliminate the need for sulphuric acid-plant operations, associated emissions and sulphate tailings,

and produce near-neutral, non-hazardous solids. Based on the modelling results the process significantly

reduces neutralization waste compared with existing hydrometallurgical circuits and operates with

minimal combustion and no sulphuric acid handling, minimizing greenhouse-gas emissions and

improving worker safety. This innovative method, leveraging well understood and proven separation

technology from other process intensive industries uses recycled CO

as the principal extraction solvent.

The initial design and simulations developed by Engina show that the hybrid circuit is expected to offer a

lower specific energy intensity than the ABWL or traditional caustic-cracking processes and may be

evaluated for integration in Avalon's Pine Point envisioned plant pending successful pilot-scale validation

and subsequent engineering studies.

While the current HSR flowsheet delivered in the Technology Assessment focuses on rare earth

extraction, the process modelling indicates that the caustic pretreatment step converts zirconium- and

niobium-bearing minerals into reactive forms. Optional downstream unit operations - which are not part

of the current HSR configuration and have not yet been experimentally validated - could be developed to

selectively recover these accessory critical minerals. These pathways may be evaluated in future

engineering phases based on technical feasibility and economic merit.

Strategic Collaboration with Avalon

The Nechalacho Project, one of Canada's major rare earth projects, provides Avalon with an opportunity

to establish a sustainable, low-carbon supply chain for critical materials essential to clean-energy,

medical, and defence technologies. Engina's work supports Avalon's commitment to next-generation,

low-impact processing that enhances Canada's position in the global rare earth market and exemplifies

Canadian-led innovation in critical mineral processing.

Scott Monteith, President and CEO commented, "We are very thrilled for this breakthrough in the

extraction of some of the most crucial rare earth elements (REE). We live in a world today that clearly

indicates the urgent need for REE and to avoid the dominance of a single producer nation. With a

feasibility study that was completed in 2013 and approximately $100 million spent on the Nechalacho

REE project, we believe this is the most advanced REE project that could be in production shortly. This

collaboration demonstrates how Canadian innovation can redefine critical mineral processing. Engina's

HSR process combines chemical efficiency, environmental responsibility, and scalability—addressing

the industry's urgent need for cleaner rare earth refining solutions."

Dr. Gisele Azimi of Engina Corporation commented, "The Hybrid Supercritical Refining platform offers

Avalon a genuinely new pathway for responsible rare earth extraction. Achieving high recoveries while

reducing reagent use and environmental load is a rare combination in our industry. We are pleased with

the initial results and are committed to working with Avalon to advance the systematic testing required to

determine the technology's full commercial potential."

Next Steps Toward Commercialization

The Technology Assessment Report, delivered to Avalon in November 2025, outlines a multi-phase

development roadmap:

i

.

Bench-scale variability testing using multiple Nechalacho concentrate samples to confirm

performance across ore types.

ii

.

Integrated continuous mini-loop operation to validate mass and energy balances and solvent

recyclability.

iii

.

Techno-economic and environmental assessment, leading to pilot design.

iv

.

Continuous pilot plant (TRL 7-8) and full feasibility study to support commercial deployment.

These next steps will establish the design basis for Avalon's future rare earth recovery facilities and

reinforce Engina's position as a technology partner of choice for sustainable critical mineral extraction.

Qualified Person and NI43-101 Disclosure:

The scientific and technical data contained in this news release were reviewed and approved by Dr.

Gisele Azimi, P.Eng., a non-independent "Qualified Person" under the National Instrument 43-101

Standards of Disclosure of Mineral Projects.

IP and Legal Disclaimer

The Hybrid Supercritical Refining (HSR) process referenced in this release is proprietary to Engina

Corporation and is patent-protected and patent-pending. No rights or licenses to Engina intellectual

property are granted or implied by this release.

About Engina Corporation

Engina Corporation is a Canadian technology and engineering company specializing in innovative

metallurgical, chemical, and energy systems. Engina's proprietary HSR platform offers a cleaner, closed-

loop alternative to conventional hydrometallurgical processing of complex ores. The company provides

R&D, process-design, and techno-economic evaluation services to the mining, energy, and materials

industries. For more information, please visit

www.engina.ca

or email

[email protected]

.

About Avalon Advanced Materials Inc.

Avalon Advanced Materials Inc. is a Canadian critical minerals company advancing the supply of

materials essential to a resilient North American supply chain. The Company is focused on developing

strategic assets that support secure, domestic supply chains and long-term economic growth. Avalon is

advancing the Nechalacho Rare Earth Elements and Zirconium Project in the Northwest Territories,

which contains all light and heavy rare earth elements, as well as yttrium, zirconium, tantalum, and

niobium—critical minerals used in advanced technologies across the communications, defense, clean

tech, and energy sectors. The Company is also focused on vertically integrating the Ontario lithium

supply chain through the development of Lake Superior Lithium Inc., Ontario's first midstream lithium

hydroxide processing facility, located in Thunder Bay. This facility will serve as a vital link between

northern Ontario's lithium resources and the growing EV battery manufacturing base in southern Ontario

and North America. Through a joint venture with SCR Sibelco NV, Avalon is advancing the Separation

Rapids Lithium Project near Kenora, Ontario, as well as continuing exploration at its Snowbank lithium

and Lilypad lithium-cesium deposits.

For further information regarding Avalon Advanced Materials Inc., please visit

www.avalonadvancedmaterials.com

, email

[email protected]

, or call 416-364-4938.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information

This news release contains "forward-looking information" within the meaning of applicable Canadian

securities legislation. Forward-looking information includes, but is not limited to, statements related to

project development plans, pilot programs, and potential performance of proprietary processes.

Generally, forward-looking information can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology

such as "add" or "additional", "advancing", "anticipates" or "does not anticipate", "appears",

"believes", "can be", "conceptual", "confidence", "continue", "convert" or "conversion", "deliver",

"demonstrating", "estimates", "encouraging", "expand" or "expanding" or "expansion", "expect" or

"expectations", "forecasts", "forward", "goal", "improves", "increase", "intends", "justification", "plans",

"potential" or "potentially", "promise", "prospective", "prioritize", "reflects", "robust", "scheduled",

"suggesting", "support", "top-tier", "updating", "upside", "will be" or "will consider", "work towards", or

variations of such words and phrases or state that certain actions, events or results "may", "could",

"would", "might", or "will be taken", "occur", or "be achieved".

Forward-looking information is subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors

that may cause the actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements of the Company to

be materially different from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking information, including

risks associated with mineral exploration and development operations such as: environmental

hazards and economic factors as they affect the cost and success of the Company's capital

expenditures, the ability of the Company to obtain required permits and approvals, the ability of the

Company to obtain financing, uncertainty in the estimation of mineral resources, uncertainty with

respect to the ability to successfully construct and develop the Company's lithium processing facility,

the price of lithium, no operating history, no operating revenue and negative cash flow, land title risk,

the market price of the Company's securities, the economic feasibility of the Company's mineral

resources and the Company's commercial viability, inflation and uncertain global economic

conditions, uncertain geo-political shifts and risks, successful collaboration with indigenous

communities, changes in technology and advancements in innovation may impact the development

of the Company's technology innovation centre and its lithium hydroxide processing facility, future

pandemics and other health crises, dependence on management and other highly skilled personnel,

title to the Company's mineral properties, the ongoing war in Ukraine and Israel, extensive

government and environmental regulation, reliance on artificial intelligence technology to influence

mining operations, volatility in the financial markets, uninsured risks, climate change, threat of legal

proceedings, as well as those risk factors discussed or referred to in the annual information form of the

Company dated November 28, 2024 (the "AIF") under the heading "Description of the Business -

Risk Factors". Forward-looking information is based on the reasonable assumptions, estimates,

analysis and opinions of management made in light of its experience and perception of trends,

current conditions and expected developments, as well as other factors that management believes to

be relevant and reasonable in the circumstances at the date that such statements are made, but which

may prove to be incorrect. Although the Company believes that the assumptions and expectations

reflected in such forward-looking information are reasonable, undue reliance should not be placed on

forward-looking information because the Company can give no assurance that such expectations will

prove to be correct. In addition to other factors and assumptions identified in the AIF, assumptions

have been made regarding, among other things: management of certain of the Company's assets by

other companies or joint venture partners, the Company's ability to carry on its exploration and

development activities without undue delays or unbudgeted costs, the ability of the Company to obtain

sufficient qualified personnel, equipment and services in a timely and cost effective manner, the

ability of the Company to operate in a safe, efficient and effective manner, the ability of the Company

to obtain all necessary financing on acceptable terms and when needed, the accuracy of the

Company's resource estimates and geological, operational and price assumptions on which these are

based and the continuance of the regulatory framework regarding environmental manners. Readers

are cautioned that the foregoing list is not exhaustive of all factors and assumptions that may have

been used. Although the Company has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual

results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking information, there may be other

factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. There can be no assurance

that such information will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ

materially from those anticipated in such information. Accordingly, readers should not place undue

reliance on forward-looking information. The Company does not undertake to update any forward-

looking information, except in accordance with applicable securities laws.

To view the source version of this press release, please visit

https://www.newsfilecorp.com/release/275564