(“Ecora”, the “Company” or the “Group”) Full Year Results Ecora Resources PLC (LSE/TSX: ECOR , OTCQX: ECRAF) announces full year results for the year

27 March 2025

Ecora Resources PLC

(“Ecora”, the “Company” or the “Group”)

Full Year Results

Ecora Resources PLC (LSE/TSX: ECOR, OTCQX: ECRAF) announces full year results for the year ended 31 December 2024. The Company will publish its audited 2024 Annual Report and Accounts later today, which will be available on the Group's website at www.ecora-resources.com and on SEDAR at www.SEDAR.com.

Ecora is a critical minerals focused royalty and streaming company. The Group has a base metal weighted portfolio which combines near term production volume growth from its producing royalty portfolio and a pipeline of development projects that is expected to drive material revenue growth in the medium term.

Marc Bishop Lafleche, Chief Executive Officer, commented:

“Significant progress across Ecora’s royalty portfolio was achieved in 2024 with key highlights including Mantos Blancos copper mine delivering periods of record production rates as well as the completion of construction of the Voisey’s Bay underground mine with an ongoing ramp-up to steady state production levels in 2026. This momentum is expected to carry through to 2025 with volume growth expected at the operations underlying Ecora’s key producing royalties, with supportive copper and cobalt price tailwinds.

“Following the implementation of an updated capital allocation framework prioritising growth, the acquisition of a royalty over the Phalaborwa project, estimated to be the lowest-cost advanced stage rare earths project outside of China, and more recently of a copper stream over the low-cost producing Mimbula copper mine represents tangible delivery of our strategy. Base metals exposure now represents 80% of Ecora’s estimated NAV with copper exposure at the core.

“We are well positioned for the year ahead and will continue to focus on further diversifying Ecora’s short and medium-term revenue profile, supported by the expected meaningful balance sheet deleveraging over the next 12-24 months.”

Financial Highlights:

• Portfolio contribution increased 9% to $63.2m (2023: $58.2m¹)
• Royalty and metal stream-related revenue of $59.6m (2023: $61.9m)
• Profit before tax of $5.9m (2023: $4.5m)
• The Group recognised an impairment charge of $15.1m on the Voisey’s Bay cobalt stream due to continued price weakness together with a deferred tax charge of $9.8m related to tax losses which, based on year-end prices, would not be utilised in full
• Adjusted earnings of $28.9m (2023: $30.5m), and adjusted earnings per share of 11.43c (2023: 11.82)
• Free cash flow of $22.1m (2023: $29.7m)
• Net debt as at 31 December 2024 of $82.3m (31 Dec 23: $74.5m)
• Completed a $10m share buyback primarily funded by recycling capital from LIORC share sales
• Second half dividend of 1.11c per share, bringing the total dividend for the year to 2.81c per share (2023: 8.50c/share), in-line with updated capital allocation framework

Post-period End:

• On 27 February, the Group announced the acquisition of a copper stream on Moxico Resources’ Mimbula copper mine for a total cash consideration of $50m. The transaction cements copper at the core of Ecora’s commodity exposure and is expected to be immediately accretive to earnings and free cash flow
• The Group negotiated an agreement with Whitehaven Coal Ltd under which the Group received $6.2m as an acceleration of deferred consideration and certain outstanding contingent consideration with respect to the sale of the Narrabri thermal coal royalty, comprising of contingent consideration linked to coal prices, Narrabri sales volumes and the successful permitting of the Narrabri South project

Portfolio Highlights:

• Voisey’s Bay underground mine expansion completed; Ecora received 210 tonnes of attributable cobalt in 2024 (2023: 154 tonnes)
  • average realised price of $13.34/lb (2023: $16.36/lb)
  • portfolio contribution of $6.2m (2023: $5.6m)
• Kestrel saleable volumes mined within the Group’s royalty area of 2.1 Mt (2023: 1.6 Mt)
  • average realised price of $223/t (2023: $238/t)
  • portfolio contribution of $41.4m (2023: $35.9m)
• Mantos Blancos total payable copper production of 43.2 Kt (2023: 49.3 Kt)
  • average realised price of $9,116/t (2023: $8,492/t)
  • portfolio contribution of $5.8m (2023: $6.1m)
• Capstone published an updated Feasibility Study on the Santo Domingo copper project which reinforced robust project economics
• BHP temporarily suspended construction of the West Musgrave nickel-copper project with the decision to be reviewed by February 2027
• Acquired a royalty over the Phalaborwa rare earths project in South Africa, further diversifying the development portfolio and commodity mix
• NexGen Energy announced a highly prospective uranium discovery in Patterson Corridor East in the Athabasca uranium basin, Canada, which occurred in an area over which Ecora holds a 2.0% NSR royalty
• The operator of the Four Mile uranium mine was selling borrowed inventory during H2 2024 and stockpiling produced uranium which resulted in no royalty payments in H2 2024; the operator has indicated sales will return to a normal sales schedule from the beginning of FY 25 at normal levels of production

Outlook 2025:

• Meaningful volume growth forecast in 2025 driven by:
  • Voisey’s Bay ramp up expected to lead to Ecora receiving between 335t – 390t of cobalt in 2025; an increase of 60%-90% on 2024
  • Capstone Copper guides copper production at Mantos Blancos of 49,000t- 59,000t; an increase of up to 20% on 2024
  • Saleable production volumes in the Group’s private royalty area of the Kestrel steelmaking coal mine in 2025 expected to be between 2.2mt and 2.3mt; an increase of 5%-10% on 2024
• Mimbula copper stream, acquired in February 2025, will provide an immediate source of income growth with c. 15kt -20kt of copper production expected in 2025
• The Group’s cash flow is expected to support meaningful deleveraging over the next 12- 24 months
• In February 2025, the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo announced a four month export ban on cobalt, since then LME cobalt prices have increased by over 70%

Medium term outlook

• Producing volumes from critical minerals’ royalties are expected to see material growth through a number of projects between now and the end of the decade:
  • Voisey’s Bay cobalt volumes attributable to Ecora ramping up to steady state of 560t per annum from second half of 2026
  • Mimbula brownfield expansion to a nameplate capacity of 56ktpa expected to be achieved in mid-2026
  • Capstone Copper evaluating two opportunities to increase Mantos Blancos copper production:
    • Phase II expansion study due in 2025, potential for additional 10ktpa
    • Tailings reprocessing could add 25ktpa
  • Capstone Copper preparing Santo Domingo copper project to be FID ready from Q1 2026
  • Brazilian Nickel continuing financing discussions for PiauÍ nickel-cobalt project with a view to a project FID in 2026
  • Rainbow Rare Earths progressing the Phalaborwa rare earths project, targeting first producing in 2027
  • Cyprium Metals published a Pre-Feasibility Study for the Nifty Copper Mine Complex which estimated that the Initial Cathode Project will produce an annual average of 6kt of copper over four years and forecast that the Copper Concentrate Project will produce an average of 38.7ktpa of copper over an estimated 20-year reserve-based mine life

12023 numbers exclude $5.4m of accrued income released to the income statement following the favourable Four Mile judgment announced on 4 December 2023.

Analyst and investor presentation and call

A live webcast of the presentation including Q&A will be held today at 2:00 pm GMT for investors and analysts and will be available via our website at www.ecora-resources.com or on https://brrmedia.news/ECOR_FY_24.

This will be available for playback after the event.

Please join the event 5-10 minutes prior to the scheduled start time.

Event Title Ecora Resources – 2024 Results Presentation Time Zone Dublin, Edinburgh, Lisbon, London Start Time/Date 2pm (GMT)

Duration 60 minutes Webcast Link https://brrmedia.news/ECOR_FY_24 Dial in details: USA Local: +1 786 697 3501 Canada Toll Free: 1 866 378 3566 UK: +44 (0) 33 0551 0200

Password: EcoraFY24

For further information

Ecora Resources PLC +44 (0) 20 3435 7400 Geoff Callow Head of Investor Relations

Website : www.ecora-resources.com

FTI Consulting +44(0) 20 3727 1000 Sara Powell / Ben Brewerton / Nick Hennis / Lucy Wigney [email protected]

Notes to Editors:

The financial information set out in this Results Announcement does not constitute the Company’s annual report and accounts for the years ended 31 December 2023 or 2024 but is derived from those accounts. The auditors have reported on those accounts; their reports were unqualified and did not draw attention to any matters by way of emphasis without qualifying their report.

Alternative performance measures Throughout this report a number of financial measures are used to assess the Group’s performance. The measures are defined below and are non-IFRS measures because they exclude amounts that are included in, or include amounts that are excluded from, the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with IFRS, or are calculated using financial measures that are not calculated in accordance with IFRS. The non-IFRS measures may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures used by other companies and have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of the Group’s operating results as reported under IFRS. The Group does not regard these non-IFRS measures as a substitute for, or superior to, the equivalent measures calculated and presented in accordance with IFRS or those calculated using financial measures that are calculated in accordance with IFRS.

Portfolio contribution Portfolio contribution reflects the underlying performance of the Group’s assets both in terms of those already in production and the timing of the Group’s development royalties coming into production. Portfolio contribution is royalty and stream-related revenue plus royalties received or receivable from royalty financial instruments carried at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) and principal repayment received under the Denison financing agreement less metal stream cost of sales.

Operating profit Operating profit represents the Group’s underlying operating performance from its royalty and stream interests. Operating profit is royalty and metal stream related revenue, less metal stream cost of sales, amortisation and depletion of royalties and streams, operating expenses, and excludes impairments and revaluations. Operating profit reconciles to ‘operating profit before impairments and revaluations’ in the income statement.

Adjusted EBITDA Adjusted EBITDA is a defined term in the Group’s revolving credit facility and used to determine the Group’s leverage ratio and interest cover ratio. Adjusted EBITDA is portfolio contribution, less operating expenses excluding share based payments.

Adjusted earnings Adjusted earnings represents the Group’s underlying operating performance from core activities. Adjusted earnings is the profit attributable to equity holders, plus royalties received from royalty financial instruments carried at fair value through profit or loss, less all valuation movements and impairments (which are non-cash adjustments that arise primarily due to changes in commodity prices), together with amortisation charges, foreign exchange gains/(losses), any associated deferred tax and any profit or loss on non-core asset disposals. Adjusted earnings divided by the weighted average number of shares in issue gives adjusted earnings per share.

Free cash flow per share Free cash flow is net cash generated from operating activities, plus principal repayments received under commodity related financing agreements, proceeds from the disposal of mining and exploration interests and finance income, less finance costs and lease payments, divided by the weighted average number of shares in issue.

Net debt Net debt is calculated as total borrowings less cash and cash equivalents.

Cautionary statement on forward-looking statements and related information Certain statements in this announcement, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements based on certain assumptions and reflect the Group's expectations and views of future events. Forward-looking statements (which include the phrase 'forward-looking information' within the meaning of Canadian securities legislation) are provided for the purposes of assisting readers in understanding the Group's financial position and results of operations as at and for the periods ended on certain dates, and of presenting information about management's current expectations and plans relating to the future. Readers are cautioned that such forward-looking statements may not be appropriate other than for purposes outlined in this announcement. These statements may include, without limitation, statements regarding the operations, business, financial condition, expected financial results, cash flow, requirement for and terms of additional financing, performance, prospects, opportunities, priorities, targets, goals, objectives, strategies, growth and outlook of the Group including the outlook for the markets and economies in which the Group operates, costs and timing of acquiring new royalties and making new investments, mineral reserve and resources estimates, estimates of future production, production costs and revenue, future demand for and prices of precious and base metals and other commodities, for the current fiscal year and subsequent periods.

Forward-looking statements include statements that are predictive in nature, depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, or include words such as 'expects', 'anticipates', 'plans', 'believes', 'estimates', 'seeks', 'intends', 'targets', 'projects', 'forecasts', or negative versions thereof and other similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs such as 'may', 'will', ‘aims’, 'should', 'would' and 'could'. These include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs or current expectations concerning, amongst other things, our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth, strategies and the economic and business circumstances occurring from time to time in the countries and markets in which the Group operates.

Forward-looking statements are based upon certain material factors that were applied in drawing a conclusion or making a forecast or projection, including assumptions and analyses made by the Group in light of its experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors that are believed to be appropriate in the circumstances. The material factors and assumptions upon which such forward-looking statements are based include: the stability of the global economy; the stability of local governments and legislative background; the relative stability of interest rates; the equity and debt markets continuing to provide access to capital; the continuing of ongoing operations of the properties underlying the Group's portfolio of royalties, streams and investments by the owners or operators of such properties in a manner consistent with past practice; and/or with production projections, including the on-going financial viability of such operators and operations; the accuracy of public statements and disclosures (including feasibility studies, estimates of reserve, resource, production, grades, mine life and cash cost) made by the owners or operators of such underlying properties; contractual terms honoured of the Group’s royalty and stream investments, together with those of the owners and operators of the underlying properties; the accuracy of the information provided to the Group by the owners and operators of such underlying properties; contractual terms honoured of the Group’s royalty and stream investments, together with those of the owners and operators of the underlying properties; no material adverse change in the price of the commodities produced from the properties underlying the Group's portfolio of royalties, streams and investments; no material adverse change in foreign exchange exposure; no adverse development in respect of any significant property in which the Group holds a royalty or other interest, including but not limited to unusual or unexpected geological formations and natural disasters; successful completion of new development projects; planned expansions or additional projects being within the timelines anticipated and at anticipated production levels; and maintenance of mining title.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated, estimated or intended in the forward-looking statements. Past performance is no guide to future performance and persons needing advice should consult an independent financial adviser. No statement in this communication is intended to be, nor should it be construed as, a profit forecast or a profit estimate.

By its nature, this information is subject to inherent risks and uncertainties that may be general or specific and which give rise to the possibility that expectations, forecasts, predictions, projections or conclusions will not prove to be accurate; that assumptions may not be correct and that objectives, strategic goals and priorities will not be achieved.

A variety of material factors, many of which are beyond the Group's control, affect the operations, performance and results of the Group, its businesses and investments, and could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by any forward-looking information. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to current global financial conditions, royalty, stream and investment portfolio and associated risk, adverse development risk, financial viability and operational effectiveness of owners and operators of the relevant properties underlying the Group's portfolio of royalties, streams and investments; royalties, streams and investments subject to other rights, and contractual terms not being honoured, together with those risks identified in the 'Principal Risks’ and ‘Emerging Risks’ sections of our most recent Annual Report, which is available on our website. If any such risks actually occur, they could materially adversely affect the Group's business, financial condition or results of operations. Readers are cautioned that the list of factors noted in the sections herein entitled 'risk management', ‘emerging risks’ and ‘principal risks’ are not exhaustive of the factors that may affect the Group's forward-looking statements. Readers are also cautioned to consider these and other factors, uncertainties and potential events carefully and not to put undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof.

The Group's management relies upon this forward-looking information in its estimates, projections, plans and analysis. Although the forwardlooking statements contained in this announcement are based upon what the Group believes are reasonable assumptions, there can be no assurance that actual results will be consistent with these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements made in this announcement relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made and, except as specifically required by applicable laws, listing rules and other regulations, the Group undertakes no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

This announcement also contains forward-looking information contained and derived from publicly available information regarding properties and mining operations owned by third parties. This announcement contains information and statements relating to the Kestrel mine that are based on certain estimates and forecasts that have been provided to the Group by Kestrel Coal Pty Ltd ("KCPL"), the accuracy of which KCPL does not warrant and on which readers may not rely.

Technical and Third-Party Information As a royalty and streaming company, the Group often has limited, if any, access to non-public scientific and technical information in respect of the properties underlying its portfolio of royalties, or such information is subject to confidentiality provisions. As such, in preparing this announcement, the Group has largely relied upon the public disclosures of the owners and operators of the properties underlying its portfolio of royalties investments, as available at the date of this announcement. Accordingly, no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made and no reliance should be placed, on the fairness, accuracy, correctness, completeness or reliability of that data, and such data involves risks and uncertainties and is subject to change based on various factors.

Chief Executive’s Review

As we reflect on 2024, Ecora’s diversified portfolio demonstrated strong performance amidst continued global macroeconomic weakness driven by inflationary pressures and contractionary monetary policies demonstrating the benefits of a royalty company in an uncertain world. Ecora’s producing royalty portfolio’s strong results were driven by volume growth at Kestrel, Voisey’s Bay and Mantos Blancos, momentum we expect to continue into 2025.

In terms of our development portfolio, a key positive was the Santo Domingo copper project progressing towards a Final Investment Decision. BHP’s decision to suspend construction of the West Musgrave nickel-copper project was disappointing, reflecting currently challenging nickel market conditions; however we remain confident in the project's potential as a low cost operation over a 25-year mine life with the possibility of further extension.

Our strategy is to unlock shareholder value by continuing to grow and diversify our portfolio of critical mineral royalties. Twelve months following the implementation of an updated capital allocation framework prioritising growth, we are pleased to have acquired a royalty over the Phalaborwa Rare Earths Project and, more recently, a copper stream over the producing Mimbula mine.

The past year has been difficult for UK equity markets and the global small cap resource sector. 2024 marked the second consecutive year of net capital outflows from UK-focused equity funds, impacting the sector and Ecora’s share price. Ecora is not alone in this respect, and in many ways the backdrop for many small and mid-cap operators has created demand for alternative, and less dilutive, forms of financing, which includes royalties and streams.

We anticipate that the favourable window to further diversify and grow our portfolio by acquiring royalties over high quality mining operations and projects will persist in the short term, as demonstrated by our recent Phalaborwa rare earths royalty and Mimbula copper stream transactions. Both transactions were originated through our industry network.

Results

The producing portfolio generated a contribution of $63.2m in 2024, up 9% year on year on a recurring basis (excluding 2023 income related to prior years). The key royalties and streams underpinning this growth were Kestrel, Voisey’s Bay and Mantos Blancos. With cobalt prices at year end approaching 50-year lows (in real terms), the Group impaired the value of the Voisey’s Bay stream by $15.1m and the associated deferred tax asset by $9.8m. Adjusted earnings per share was broadly flat at US11.43c/share (2023: US11.82c/share). Net debt increased to $82.3m (2023: $74.5m), reflecting acquisitions made during the year as well as final deferred payments related to royalty acquisitions made in 2022.

Industry drivers

The long-term demand outlook for critical minerals remains strong, driven by continued urbanisation, growth in the electrification of energy consumption and energy storage, as well as expected growth in digital infrastructure and the adoption of consumer and business artificial intelligence services.

2024 saw a number of supply side developments impacting global commodity markets, including sizable supply additions of nickel, cobalt and lithium. The supply of nickel products from mining operations located in Indonesia, and cobalt products from operations located in the Democratic Republic of Congo ramped up substantially in 2024, suppressing the prices of these commodities. This overshadowed otherwise healthy year-on-year demand growth for nickel and cobalt, estimated at 5% and 7% respectively.

In response, the Democratic Republic of Congo recently imposed a four-month cobalt export ban to stabilise cobalt prices, with subsequent export quotas under consideration. This has driven a price uplift of over 60%, with the medium and longer-term impact to be determined.

In the past year, vertical integration in battery commodities such as lithium and cobalt appears to have reduced certain producers’ emphasis on capturing margins at the upstream mining stage. This is particularly evident in cobalt and lithium, where some producers have integrated raw material sourcing alongside battery production and EV manufacturing, and appear less sensitive to upstream commodity price levels

2024 saw a continuation of governments adopting policies to aid the development of critical mineral supply chains, largely driven by national security concerns, economic independence and geopolitical competition. Policies have taken a variety of forms including direct and indirect state investment and tax incentives. We have also seen instances of governments weaponising their control over critical mineral supply chains, although to date these policies have been relatively restrained.

Outlook

In the upcoming year, our producing royalty portfolio is expected to benefit from strong volume growth, at the front end of an expected five-year period of strong organic growth. Ecora’s longer dated development stage royalties provide further growth potential into the next decade and beyond.

Cash flows generated by Ecora’s producing royalty portfolio are expected to drive material debt reduction over the next 12-24 months.

The Mimbula copper stream, acquired in Q1 2025, further enhances Ecora’s short and mediumterm growth profile, with a brownfield Phase II expansion to increase production from 14ktpa in 2024 to 56ktpa underway.

Ecora’s reshaped critical minerals royalty portfolio, with copper exposure at its core, is approaching an inflection point and we look to the future with confidence.

Review of Operations

Base Metals

Producing

Ecora’s three producing base metal royalties, Voisey’s Bay (cobalt), Mantos Blancos and Carlota (both copper), generated a total of $12.6m of portfolio contribution.

The completion of the Voisey’s Bay Underground Mine Expansion project in December 2024 was a significant milestone in advance of a sizeable ramp up in cobalt production from underground mining operations. Ecora received 210 tonnes of cobalt during 2024 at an average realised price of $13.34/lb. This resulted in net portfolio contribution of $5.0m. Cobalt volumes in the second half were nearly three times those in the first half (154 tonnes v 56 tonnes). This trend is expected to continue in 2025, with year-on-year volumes growth expected at 60-90% (2025 guidance of 335- 390 tonnes). Further growth is expected as the mine moves towards steady state production which should result in the Group receiving an average of 560 tonnes of cobalt per annum from H2 2026.

Mantos Blancos successfully completed the concentrator debottlenecking project in H2 2024, achieving concentrator throughput rates of 20,000tpd. Operations in November and December 2024 averaged above this rate, a marked increase from the full year 2024 average of c.16,000tpd and c.14,500tpd in 2023. Total payable copper production in 2024 was 43.2kt, generating $5.8m of portfolio contribution, including a record quarterly portfolio contribution in Q4 of $1.7m. The operation is positioned to achieve record annual production levels in 2025, with Capstone guiding annual production of 49-59kt of copper.

Following the end of the accounting period, Ecora acquired a copper stream over the producing Mimbula copper mine. The acquisition is expected to be immediately accretive to both adjusted earnings and cash flow per share. A brownfield expansion is underway which will increase copper production from approximately 14ktpa in 2024 to steady state capacity of 56ktpa in mid-2026.

Development

The majority of the Group’s key development royalties are over copper and nickel projects. These are expected to be the engine of growth over the next five years. By 2030, over 80% of the Group’s portfolio contribution is expected to be generated from base metal royalty and stream entitlements, up from 20% in 2024.

In July, Capstone Copper published an updated Santo Domingo Feasibility Study, confirming the project as one of the leading, fully permitted greenfield copper projects in the Americas. Capstone is progressing towards a final investment decision, which could take place in early 2026, and is in the process of identifying potential funding partners. Throughout 2025, further optimisation and exploration work is set to continue, with Capstone highlighting the potential to treat oxide material at their nearby Mantoverde. Additionally, a study to assess the viability of producing cobalt at site is planned for 2026, potentially adding a valuable by-product credit alongside iron and gold.

The decision taken by BHP to temporarily suspend the construction of the West Musgrave nickelcopper project was disappointing, especially as the project was over 21% constructed at the time. This decision was taken in response to a weak nickel price environment caused by increased supply from operations located in Indonesia. BHP has stated that West Musgrave remains a highquality project and has communicated to the market that it will review the decision by February 2027. The pause in construction has delayed first royalty payments to Ecora, but as a fully permitted, partially constructed asset, West Musgrave remains well positioned to rapidly advance into operations once nickel market conditions improve.

During 2024, Brazilian Nickel advanced construction financing discussions, while also incorporating the learnings from the small-scale plant to optimise the Piaui process flow sheet. In December, Brazilian Nickel announced that it had received a letter of interest from the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) regarding a loan facility of up to $550m. Brazilian Nickel will continue discussions with potential financing partners during 2025, with a final investment decision to proceed with the construction of the Piaui project expected after 2026.

In November 2024, Cyprium Metals published a Pre-Feasibility Study (PFS) for the Nifty copper project, outlining two standalone brownfield processing plants with two distinct sources of ore that can be processed to produce copper products. The first is an Initial Cathode Project which will produce an annual average of 6kt of copper over 4 years. The second is a copper concentrate project forecast to produce an annual average of 38.7kt of copper during the initial 10 years of production, and an annual average of 35.1kt of copper over an estimated 20-year Reserves based mine-life.

Los Andes Copper completed a number of surveys related to the Vizcachitas project during 2024. It also accelerated its community engagement activities in order to secure and maintain its licence to operate. In 2025, Los Andes Copper will be seeking to complete Baseline Studies for the Feasibility Study, and is planning to complete environmental permitting workstreams prior to 2028.

Specialty Metals & Uranium

Producing

Ecora’s specialty metals and uranium royalties generated a total of $8.1m in 2024 (2023: $14.0m), consisting of royalty entitlements at the Maracás Menchen vanadium mine ($2.2m), and uranium exposure through Four Mile ($1.4m) and the McClean Lake mill ($4.5m).

The McClean Lake mill processes feedstock from Cameco's Cigar Lake uranium mine, with Ecora entitled to a portion of the McClean Lake Mill toll milling generated from the treatment of uranium ore produced by the Cigar Lake mine. Cigar Lake produced 17Mlbs of uranium during 2024, with toll milling receipts attributable to Ecora totalling $4.5m. Cameco, the majority owner of the Cigar Lake mine, has guided to 2025 Cigar Lake production of 18Mlbs.

For part of 2024, the operator of the Four Mile uranium mine was selling borrowed inventory and stockpiling produced uranium, which resulted in no payable royalties in the second half of the year compared to $1.4m during the first half of the year. We understand that a normal scales schedule is expected from the beginning of 2025, in respect of which Ecora’s royalty should be payable.

The Maracás Menchen mine produced 9.3kt of vanadium pentoxide in 2024, with vanadium pentoxide equivalent sales of 8.9kt (2023: 9.0kt). In November 2024, an updated Maracás Menchen Life of Mine Plan and Pre-Feasibility Study was released, detailing a 13-year increase to the Reserve based mine life and a 67% increase in Mineral Reserves.

Development

In July, Ecora acquired a royalty over the Phalaborwa rare earths project, located in South Africa and operated by Rainbow Rare Earths. Phalaborwa is among the lowest cost rare earth projects globally with a 16-year estimated mine life. It is a brownfield project set to treat phosphogypsum stacks generated as a by-product of historical fertiliser production, which means there is no primary mining. These characteristics mean it is a low-cost and low environmental impact project that can generate strong cashflows throughout the commodity cycle.

In September, Rainbow announced a 15% increase in the Mineral Resource Estimate for Phalaborwa, taking the total resource tonnage to 35.0Mt and increasing the project life by two years. In December, it released an Interim Economic Study confirming the Phalaborwa rare earths project as one of the highest margin rare earths projects globally outside of China.

Rainbow is currently preparing a Definitive Feasibility Study for the project following which financing and construction are expected to commence. The project has been identified by the U.S. Government as an important contributor to rare earth element supply chain independence, with the DFC’s right to invest $50m for the construction of Phalaborwa, via TechMet.

NexGen Energy completed its 2024 drilling programme at the Paterson Corridor East project in the Athabasca Basin, Canada, establishing a substantial 600m strike and 600m depth uranium zone only 3.5km from the flagship world-class Arrow deposit. Paterson Corridor East sits within the area where Ecora holds a 2% NSR royalty. NexGen has commenced its 2025 exploration drill programme to test the extent and growth of mineralisation at Patterson Corridor East.

Bulks & Other

Producing

Production from the Group’s private royalty area within the Kestrel steel making coal mine was up 31% at 2.1Mt (2023: 1.6Mt), with the Group realizing an average price of $223/t (2023: $238/t). This drove a portfolio contribution of $41.4m (2023: $35.9m). During 2025, Kestrel mining operations within the Group’s royalty area are expected to be heavily weighed to the second and third quarters, with volumes for the full year subject to the Ecora royalty expected to be up 5-10% versus 2024.

The EVBC gold mine benefited from a higher gold price environment during 2024 resulting in a portfolio contribution of $1.8m (2023: $0.7m).

Finance Review

Volumes at Kestrel and Voisey’s Bay increased significantly in 2024, in line with expectations, as production returned to the Group’s private royalty lands at Kestrel in the first half of the year, and Vale completed the Voisey’s Bay mine expansion project which saw a subsequent ramp-up of underground operations in the second half of the year.

While Kestrel volumes increased from 1.6Mt to 2.1Mt and Voisey’s Bay attributable cobalt increased from 154 tonnes to 210 tonnes in 2024, softer prices for both steelmaking coal and cobalt throughout the year partially offset the impact of higher volumes. This resulted in portfolio contribution of $63.2m in the year, in line with the $63.6m reported in 2023. On a like for like basis, portfolio contribution year on year increased by 9% when taking into account that portfolio contribution in FY23 included $5.4m received from Four Mile relating to underpaid royalties between 2014 and 2021.

Kestrel volumes are expected to be 5%-10% higher than 2024, with production expected to be weighted toward Q2 and Q3 2025.

Following completion of the Voisey’s Bay underground mine expansion, attributable cobalt volumes in 2025 are expected to increase to between 335 tonnes and 390 tonnes. The cobalt price weakened significantly during the course of 2024 resulting in an impairment charge of $15.1m in relation to the stream asset, together with a $9.8m deferred tax charge relating to carry forward tax losses which, based on the price outlook at as of the balance sheet date, are expected to remain unutilised at the end of the life mine. The impairment charge relates solely to the price outlook forecast at the balance sheet date, and does not reflect the recent surprise announcement by the Government of the DRC of an at least four-month ban on all cobalt exports, with the ban to be reviewed in three months.

Mantos Blancos achieved record copper production in Q4 2024 following the successful completion, in Q3 of a de-bottlenecking project. Capstone’s Mantos Blancos 2025 copper production guidance is of 49kt-59kt (2024: 44.5kt).

The Group remained active in FY24, deploying $10.0m to acquire a 0.85% gross revenue royalty over the Phalaborwa Rare Earths Project in South Africa for $8.5m, alongside a $1.5m equity investment in Rainbow Rare Earths Limited, the majority owner of the Phalaborwa project. This investment marked the Group’s first source of rare earths exposure, aligned with our strategy to diversify and grow the portfolio of critical mineral royalties and streams.

Subsequent to the year end, the Group announced the completion of a $50.0m copper stream on the producing Mimbula copper mine in Zambia operated by Moxico Resources. In conjunction with this transaction, our existing lenders once again demonstrated their support by agreeing to increase, amend and extend the existing facility. As a result, total commitments under the facility have increased by $30.0m to $180.0m whilst extending the maturity of the facility by 12 months to January 2028. In addition, the Group retains an uncommitted accordion feature of up to an additional $45.0m, together with the option to extend the facility’s maturity by a further 12 months, subject to lender consent. The amendment and extension of the facility provide the Group with the financial flexibility to pursue the various growth opportunities we are currently seeing and expect to continue to see in 2025 and beyond.