Eldorado Reports First Quarter 2016 Results
NEWS RELEASE TSX: ELD NYSE: EGO
Eldorado Reports First Quarter 2016 Results
VANCOUVER, May 11, 2016 – Eldorado Gold Corporation, (“Eldorado” or “the Company”) is pleased to announce the Company’s financial and operational results for the first quarter ended March 31, 2016. Eldorado reported gold production of 140,989 ounces (2015: 189,414 oz) at an average cash operating cost of $603 per ounce (2015: $521/oz). Adjusted net loss for the quarter was $0.7 million ($0.00 per share) compared to net earnings of $19.5 million ($0.03 per share) in 2015.
“We have completed another consistent quarter with our operations performing to plan and we remain on track to achieve our guidance for the year”, stated Paul Wright, President and Chief Executive Officer of Eldorado.
“During the first four months of the year we have focused on moving forward with the value maximization exercise for our Chinese portfolio and progressing development of our Greece portfolio. I am pleased to report that we announced the agreement to sell our interest in our Jinfeng mine for $300 million in late April. Additional work on the remaining group of Chinese assets is ongoing. Our progress in Greece continues to make headway, demonstrated by the receipts of the Skouries Technical Study and building permit, and the Olympias Phase II installation permit. Productive discussions continue with the Greek Minister of Environment and Energy.
As we head into the second half of the year with an even stronger balance sheet, we are well positioned to focus on developing our robust project pipeline.”
First Quarter 2016 Financial and Operational Highlights
- Gold production of 140,989 ounces (including production from tailings retreatment at Olympias).
Gold revenues were $160.0 million on sales of 133,467 ounces of gold at an average realized gold
price of $1,198 per ounce.
- Liquidity of $611.3 million, including $236.3 million in cash, cash equivalents and term deposits, and $375.0 million in unused lines of credit.
- All-in sustaining cash costs averaged $886 per ounce; cash operating costs averaged $603 per ounce.
- Receipt of the Skouries building permit and the Olympias Phase II installation permit.
Throughout this press release we use cash operating cost per ounce, total cash costs per ounce, all-in sustaining cost per ounce, gross profit from gold mining operations, adjusted net earnings and cash flow from operating activities before changes in non-cash working capital as additional measures of Company performance. These are non IFRS measures. Please see our MD&A for an explanation and discussion of these non IFRS measures. All dollar amounts in US $, unless stated otherwise.
Review of Financial Results
| Summarized financial results – quarter ended March 31, | 2016 | 2015 | |
| millions, except where noted | |||
| Revenues $164.1 | $238.3 | ||
| Gold revenues $160.0 | $224.0 | ||
| Gold sold (ounces) 133,467 | 181,820 | ||
| Average realized gold price (per ounce) $1,198 | $1,232 | ||
| Cash operating costs (per ounce sold) $603 | $521 | ||
| Total cash cost (per ounce sold) $658 | $578 | ||
| All-in sustaining cash cost (per ounce sold) $886 | $771 | ||
| Gross profit from gold mining operations $41.2 | $77.1 | ||
| Adjusted net earnings (loss) ($0.7) | $19.5 | ||
| Net profit (loss) attributable to shareholders of the Company ($2.5) | ($8.2) | ||
| Earnings (loss) per share attributable to shareholders of the Company – Basic (per ($0.00) share) | ($0.01) | ||
| Earnings (loss) per share attributable to shareholders of the Company – Diluted ($0.00) (per share) | ($0.01) | ||
| Dividends paid (Cdn$/share) $0.00 | $0.01 | ||
| Cash flow from operating activities before changes in non-cash working capital $25.1 | $58.9 |
Review of Quarterly Financial Results
Loss attributable to shareholders of the Company was $2.5 million (or $nil per share) for the quarter compared with a loss of $8.2 million (or $0.01 per share) in the first quarter of 2015. Gold sales volumes fell 27% year on year along with slightly lower gold prices, resulting in a 29% drop in gold revenues. Cash operating costs per ounce increased 14% year on year, while gross profit from gold mining operations fell 47%.
In comparison with 2015, there were a number of items that partially offset the impact of the fall in gold mining profits. Foreign exchange movements contributed favorably to the bottom line as the Company reported a foreign exchange gain of $3.2 million as compared with a foreign exchange loss of $10.2 million in the first quarter of 2015. Additionally, tax expense of $5.3 million was lower year on year due to, among other things, $4.2 million in deferred tax recoveries as compared with $21.5 million in deferred tax expense in 2015 related to changes in the tax base due to foreign exchange. General and administrative expenses fell 28%, or $4.7 million as a result of cost cutting measures and foreign currency movements.
Review and 2016 Outlook
TURKEY Kisladag
Gold production of 52,376 for the quarter was 34% lower mainly due to significant leach pad inventory drawdown in the prior year. Cash operating costs of $536 per ounce were 3% higher year on year. Capital expenditures of $7.0 million for the quarter included costs for capitalized waste stripping, metallurgical and resource drilling, and construction projects that include a 154 kV powerline, a new overland conveyor and leach pad construction.
Engineering work progressed during the quarter on optimization of process circuits associated with a potential expansion of mine throughput. The detailed engineering packages for the crushing and screening circuits were completed, and the electrical and instrumentation designs are underway. A final review of the optimization plan is expected to be completed in the second quarter.
Efemcukuru
Gold production of 27,516 ounces for the quarter was 30% higher year on year. Cash operating costs of $478 per ounce were 21% lower due to increased head grade, higher mill throughput and continued cost reduction initiatives. Capital expenditures of $4.8 million included underground development, mine equipment overhauls, and process and waste rock/tailings facilities construction projects.
CHINA
In 2014 the Company announced that it was evaluating value maximizing alternatives for its group of Chinese assets. Subsequent to the first quarter end, on April 26, 2016, the Company announced that it had reached an agreement to sell its 82 percent interest in Jinfeng to a wholly-owned subsidiary of China National Gold Group for US$300 million in cash, subject to certain closing adjustments. The transaction is expected to close in the third quarter 2016 and is subject to obtaining various regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions. The Company continues to advance this process for the remaining Chinese assets.
Jinfeng
As per guidance gold production of 25,935 ounces at Jinfeng was 29% lower year over year mainly as a result of lower average treated head grade, lower recovery and less ore milled. Cash operating costs of $726 per ounce were 40% higher year on year mainly due to lower gold production. Capital expenditures of $0.1 million for the quarter were primarily spent on underground development.
White Mountain
Gold production of 18,335 ounces at White Mountain was an expected 12% lower year over year due to reduced head grade and gold in-circuit inventory fluctuations. Cash operating costs of $582 per ounce were 3% lower year on year as a result of the lower average treated head grade. Capital expenditures of $4.1 million for the quarter included underground development, resource development, resource drilling and sustaining capital projects within the processing plant.
Tanjianshan
As expected, gold production of 14,053 ounces at Tanjianshan was 47% lower year over year mainly due to reduced head grade and lower recoveries. Head grade is expected to improve over the remainder of the year. Cash operating costs of $852 per ounce were higher as a result of the decrease in gold production.
Eastern Dragon
Permitting at Eastern Dragon continued to move forward with support from the various government agencies involved. The conversion of the Exploration License to a Mining License is progressing with formal acceptance of the application by the Ministry of Land and Resources on March 1, 2016. With this milestone achieved, the Company expects to receive an approved Mining License during the second quarter, enabling commencement of the remaining construction activities that are required to move into production.
GREECE Stratoni
Concentrate production for the first quarter of 2016 was lower year on year due to lower ore tonnes processed and lower lead and zinc head grades. Plant throughput was affected by lower mine production, which was primarily a result of lost production days related to a work stoppage due to a fatal accident at the mine. Stratoni reported an operating loss of $2.1 million for the quarter, including a $1.3 million inventory write-down as a result of continued low lead and zinc prices.
Olympias
On March 22, 2016, the Company was granted the required installation permit to begin Phase II of Olympias. Work during the quarter included the shutdown of the Phase I tailings retreatment plant, which treated a final 87,350 tonnes of tailings and produced 2,774 payable gold ounces. By the end of the quarter excellent progress had been made on the demolition of the existing plant with works completed in the crusher building and well advanced in the flotation building. The site also began to accept delivery of equipment for the Phase II plant.
The Company has initiated preliminary planning and engineering for Olympias Phase III, which will include construction of a process plant and infrastructure in the Kokkinolakas valley. The new plant is expected to operate at a nominal 800,000 tonnes per year producing lead, zinc and gold concentrates.
Total expenditure for the quarter was $21.7 million.
Skouries
Following the Company’s decision on January 11, 2016 to suspend further development at Skouries, the majority of site works during the quarter were focused on winding down construction activities and preparing for the transition to care and maintenance, including all environmental works to safely secure the site. A key milestone was also achieved during the quarter in which the project surpassed 365 days and over 1 million man hours without a Lost Time incident.
On February 25, 2016, the Company received the outstanding building permit for the construction of the Skouries processing plant from the local planning office, however the project remained suspended during the first quarter pending the approval of the updated Technical Study.
Work on the development of the Skouries underground mine design continued during the quarter. The underground operation has been designed around bulk mining methods using sublevel open stoping with paste backfill.
Total expenditure for the period, including environmental and decommissioning costs, and care and maintenance activities was $10.6 million.
Subsequent to the end of the first quarter, on May 9, 2016, the Company announced that it had received the approval of the updated Technical Study and will recommence construction activities at the project site.
Perama Hill
No project development activities took place during the quarter and the project remains on care and maintenance.
BRAZIL Vila Nova
Due to continued depressed market conditions for iron ore Villa Nova has continued on care and maintenance.
Tocantinzinho
The Company continued to optimize the design and operating performance of the Tocantinzinho project during the quarter. Higher cost capital items such as the future access road and power line have been the focus of the optimization study in order to reduce the upfront capital requirements and explore opportunities for positive operating cost impacts.
Capital costs incurred at Tocantinzinho during the quarter totalled $0.5 million.
ROMANIA Certej
During the quarter the Company continued to focus on engineering and testwork. Capital and operating costs are being updated as basic engineering designs develop. Work also continued on the development of offsite infrastructure.
A total of $2.4 million was spent on Certej during the quarter.
Exploration Review
During the quarter 7,500 metres of exploration drilling were completed at the Company’s operations and exploration projects. The majority of the 2016 drilling programs are not scheduled to commence until later in the year due to the seasonal challenges.
Turkey
Exploration drilling continued through the quarter at Efemcukuru, with 5,300 meters completed. Most of the drilling was directed towards establishing the continuity of mineralized shoots within the Kokarpinar vein system.
Reconnaissance exploration programs in Turkey concentrated on desktop evaluations of volcanic centers in western Turkey for porphyry and epithermal system potential.
China
At White Mountain, over 1,500 metres of underground exploration drilling was completed during the quarter, primarily testing stepouts of the North and Far North ore zones. Significant new intercepts from the Far North zone included 11.8 meters grading 12.82 grams per tonne gold (DHX365-335) and 11.2 meters grading 7.06 grams per tonne gold (DHX365-336).
Greece
Exploration activities in Greece were limited to completing preparations for the upcoming underground development and exploration drilling program at Mavres Petres, which will target the untested down-dip and along-strike projections of the orebody. Underground development is scheduled to commence in the second quarter.
Brazil
There was no exploration activity during the quarter at Tocantinzinho. Reconnaissance-level mapping and sampling programs were conducted over our licenses in the Mara Rosa belt in Goias State.
Romania
Drilling was conducted at the Brad exploration license, testing outcropping zones of silicification for potential epithermal mineralization. Permit applications are underway for drilling several targets on the Certej license, peripheral to the main Certej orebody.
Conference Call
A conference call to discuss the details of the Company’s First Quarter 2016 Results will be held by senior management on May 12, 2016 at 8:30 AM PT (11:30 AM ET). The call will be webcast and can be accessed at Eldorado Gold’s website: www.eldoradogold.com
Conference Call Details Replay (available until May 19, 2016)
Date: Thursday March 24, 2016 Toronto: 416 849 0833 Time: 8:30 am PT (11:30 am ET) Toll Free: 855 859 2056 Dial in: 647 427 7450 Pass code: 8919 3464 Toll free: 888 231 8191
About Eldorado Gold
Eldorado is a leading low cost gold producer with mining, development and exploration operations in Turkey, China, Greece, Romania and Brazil. The Company’s success to date is based on a low cost strategy, a highly skilled and dedicated workforce, safe and responsible operations, and long-term partnerships with the communities where it operates. Eldorado’s common shares trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX: ELD) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: EGO).
Certain of the statements made herein may contain forward-looking statements or information within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and applicable Canadian securities laws. Often, but not always, forward-looking statements and forward- looking information can be identified by the use of words such as "plans", "expects", "is expected", "budget", "scheduled", "estimates", "forecasts", "intends", "anticipates", or "believes" or the negatives thereof or variations of such words and phrases or statements that certain actions, events or results "may", "could", "would", "might" or "will" be taken, occur or be achieved. Forward-looking statements or information herein include, but are not limited to the Company’s 2016 First Quarter Results.
Forward-looking statements and forward-looking information by their nature are based on assumptions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements or information. We have made certain assumptions about the forward-looking statements and information, including assumptions about the political and economic environment that we operate in, the future price of commodities and anticipated costs and expenses. Even though our management believes that the assumptions made and the expectations represented by such statements or information are reasonable, there can be no assurance that the forward-looking statement or information will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, should one or more of the risks, uncertainties or other factors materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described in forward-looking statements or information. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include, among others, the following: political and economic environment, gold price volatility; discrepancies between actual and estimated production, mineral reserves and resources and metallurgical recoveries; mining operational and development risk; litigation risks; regulatory environment and restrictions, including environmental regulatory restrictions and liability; risks of sovereign investment; currency fluctuations; speculative nature of gold exploration; global economic climate; dilution; share price volatility; competition; loss of key employees; additional funding requirements; and defective title to mineral claims or property, as well as those factors discussed in the sections entitled “Forward-Looking Statements” and "Risk Factors" in the Company's Annual Information Form & Form 40-F dated March 30, 2016.
There can be no assurance that forward-looking statements or information will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements or information contained herein. Except as required by law, we do not expect to update forward-looking statements and information continually as conditions change and you are referred to the full discussion of the Company's business contained in the Company's reports filed with the securities regulatory authorities in Canada and the U.S.
Dr. Peter Lewis, P. Geo., Vice President, Exploration at Eldorado, is the Qualified Person for the technical disclosure of exploration results in this press release. Drillhole results quoted represent mineralized widths in drillholes, which are greater than the true widths of mineralized zones. Assay results reported in this release for White Mountain in China were determined from diamond drill core samples that were crushed, split, and pulverized at Eldorado's sample preparation facilities at the White Mountain mine. Gold analyses were completed by fire assay at the ALS Chemex facility in Guangzhou. Field duplicate, and blank samples were inserted prior to shipment to the preparation facility, certified standard reference materials were inserted prior to shipment to the assay laboratory, and results were regularly monitored to ensure the quality of the data.
Contact
Krista Muhr, Vice President Investor Relations & Corporate Communications Eldorado Gold Corporation 604.601.6701 or 1.888.353.8166 604.601.6702
Q1 2016 Gold Production Highlights (in US$)
| First | First Quarter 2015 | 2015 | 2016 Outlook5 | ||
| Quarter | |||||
| 2016 | |||||
| Gold Production Ounces Sold Ounces Produced1 Cash Operating Cost ($/oz)2,4 Total Cash Cost ($/oz)3,4 Realized Price ($/oz - sold) | 181,820 189,414 521 578 1,232 | n/a 565,000 to 630,000 585 to 620 n/a n/a | |||
| 133,467 | 705,310 | ||||
| 140,989 | 723,532 | ||||
| 603 | 552 | ||||
| 658 | 606 | ||||
| 1,198 | 1,168 | ||||
| Kişladağ Mine, Turkey Ounces Sold Ounces Produced Tonnes to Pad Grade (grams / tonne) Cash Operating Cost ($/oz)4 Total Cash Cost ($/oz)3,4 | 79,002 79,256 4,226,113 0.70 522 539 | n/a 225,000 to 240,000 n/a n/a 550 to 600 n/a | |||
| 52,679 | 280,892 | ||||
| 52,376 | 281,280 | ||||
| 4,046,896 | 19,146,685 | ||||
| 0.73 | 0.70 | ||||
| 536 | 543 | ||||
| 552 | 558 | ||||
| Efemçukuru Mine, Turkey Ounces Sold Ounces Produced Tonnes Milled Grade (grams / tonne) Cash Operating Cost ($/oz)4 Total Cash Cost ($/oz)3,4 | 18,623 21,220 105,419 7.32 604 619 | n/a 90,000 to 100,000 n/a n/a 550 to 600 n/a | |||
| 22,304 | 99,147 | ||||
| 27,516 | 100,482 | ||||
| 116,487 | 454,863 | ||||
| 7.96 | 7.82 | ||||
| 478 | 521 | ||||
| 500 | 540 | ||||
| Tanjianshan Mine, China Ounces Sold Ounces Produced Tonnes Milled Grade (grams / tonne) Cash Operating Cost ($/oz)4 Total Cash Cost ($/oz)3,4 | 26,626 26,626 257,297 3.57 407 573 | n/a 70,000 to 80,000 n/a n/a 675 to 725 n/a | |||
| 14,053 | 97,563 | ||||
| 14,053 | 97,563 | ||||
| 268,615 | 1,060,176 | ||||
| 1.84 | 3.14 | ||||
| 852 | 473 | ||||
| 1,083 | 646 | ||||
| Jinfeng Mine, China Ounces Sold Ounces Produced Tonnes Milled Grade (grams / tonne) Cash Operating Cost ($/oz) 4 Total Cash Cost ($/oz) 3,4 | 36,686 36,686 321,706 4.10 518 611 | n/a 95,000 to 105,000 n/a n/a 700 to 750 n/a | |||
| 26,096 | 149,552 | ||||
| 25,935 | 149,655 | ||||
| 305,484 | 1,303,863 | ||||
| 3.26 | 4.13 | ||||
| 726 | 587 | ||||
| 807 | 669 | ||||
| White Mountain Mine, China Ounces Sold Ounces Produced Tonnes Milled Grade (grams / tonne) Cash Operating Cost ($/oz) 4 Total Cash Cost ($/oz) 3,4 | 20,883 20,883 206,607 3.55 600 638 | n/a 75,000 to 85,000 n/a n/a 625 to 675 n/a | |||
| 18,335 | 78,156 | ||||
| 18,335 | 78,156 | ||||
| 206,090 | 849,335 | ||||
| 3.25 | 3.30 | ||||
| 582 | 653 | ||||
| 620 | 691 | ||||
| Olympias, Greece Ounces Sold Ounces Produced1 Tonnes Milled Grade (grams / tonne) Cash Operating Cost ($/oz)4 Total Cash Cost ($/oz)3,4 | - 4,743 157,040 2.23 - - | n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a | |||
| - | - | ||||
| 2,774 | 16,396 | ||||
| 87,350 | 589,675 | ||||
| 2.47 | 1.99 | ||||
| - | - | ||||
| - | - |
1 Ounces produced include production from tailings retreatment at Olympias.
2 Cost figures calculated in accordance with the Gold Institute Standard.
3 Cash operating costs, plus royalties and the cost of off-site administration.
4 Cash operating costs and total cash costs are non-IFRS measures. Please see our MD&A for an explanation and discussion of these.
5 Outlook assumes the following metal prices: Gold $1,100 per ounce; Silver $16 per ounce.
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 $ $ ASSETS Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents 230,958 288,189 Term deposits 5,295 4,382 Restricted cash 260 248 Marketable securities 26,585 18,331 Accounts receivable and other 75,887 85,468 Inventories 181,466 175,626 520,451 572,244 Other assets 93,084 83,147 Defined benefit pension plan 11,319 10,897 Property, plant and equipment 4,775,510 4,747,759 Goodwill 50,276 50,276 5,450,640 5,464,323
LIABILITIES & EQUITY Current liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 220,875 236,819 220,875 236,819 Debt 589,944 589,395 Other non-current liability 6,821 6,166 Asset retirement obligations 103,040 102,636 Deferred income tax liabilities 596,796 607,871 1,517,476 1,542,887
Equity
Share capital 5,319,101 5,319,101 Treasury stock (8,015) (10,211) Contributed surplus 46,758 47,236 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (6,669) (20,572) Deficit (1,586,351) (1,583,873)
Total equity attributable to shareholders of the Company
3,764,824 3,751,681 Attributable to non-controlling interests 168,340 169,755 3,933,164 3,921,436 5,450,640 5,464,323
Approved on behalf of the Board of Directors
(Signed) John Webster Director (Signed) Paul N. Wright Director Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements (Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars except per share amounts)
For the quarter ended March 31, 2016 2015 $ $ Revenue
164,132 238,311 Metal sales
Cost of sales
Production costs 92,948 119,305 Inventory write-down 1,346 6,210
125,953 170,924 Gross profit 38,179 67,387
Exploration expenses 2,243 3,123 9,558 499 Mine standby costs 11,571 16,278 General and administrative expenses 283 426 Defined benefit pension plan expense Share based payments 3,701 6,415 Foreign exchange loss (gain) (3,169) 10,239 Operating profit 13,992 30,407 Loss on disposal of assets 291 11 Loss on marketable securities and other investments 4,317 - Other expense (income) 1,669 (1,858) Asset retirement obligation accretion 564 603 Interest and financing costs 5,711 5,175 Profit before income tax 1,440 26,476 5,333 32,989 Income tax expense (3,893) (6,513)
Loss for the period
Attributable to:
Shareholders of the Company (2,478) (8,244) Non-controlling interests (1,415) 1,731 Loss for the period (3,893) (6,513)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding (thousands)
Basic 716,587 716,583 Diluted 716,587 716,583
Earnings per share attributable to shareholders of the Company:
Basic earnings (loss) per share (0.00) (0.01) Diluted earnings (loss) per share (0.00) (0.01)
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
For the quarter ended March 31, 2016 2015 $ $
Loss for the period (3,893) (6,513)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in fair value of available-for-sale financial assets 9,689 (111) Realized losses on disposal of available-for-sale financial assets reclassified to profit and loss 4,336 - Actuarial losses on severance obligation (122) - Total other comprehensive income (loss) for the period 13,903 (111) Total comprehensive income (loss) for the period 10,010 (6,624)
Attributable to:
Shareholders of the Company 11,425 (8,355) Non-controlling interests (1,415) 1,731 10,010 (6,624)
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
For the quarter ended March 31, Note 2016 2015 $ $ Cash flows generated from (used in):
Operating activities
Loss for the period (3,893) (6,513) Items not affecting cash:
Asset retirement obligation accretion 564 603
Unrealized foreign exchange loss (gain) (643) 1,014 Deferred income tax expense (recovery) (11,136) 11,564 Loss on disposal of assets 291 11 Loss on marketable securities and other investments 4,317 - Share based payments 3,701 6,415 Defined benefit pension plan expense 283 426 25,143 58,929
Property reclamation payments (80) - Changes in non-cash working capital (22,622) 16,077 2,441 75,006
Investing activities
Purchase of property, plant and equipment (64,456) (75,071) Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment 385 13 Proceeds on production of tailings retreatment 3,878 5,721 Purchase of marketable securities (1,834) (5,233) Proceeds from the sale of marketable securities 3,287 - Investment in term deposits (913) (45,902) Decrease (increase) in restricted cash (19) 601 (59,672) (119,871)
Financing activities
Issuance of common shares for cash - 121 Dividend paid to shareholders - (5,768) Purchase of treasury stock - (2,394) Long-term and bank debt proceeds - 8,171 Long-term and bank debt repayments - (8,171)
- (8,041)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents (57,231) (52,906) Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of period 288,189 498,514 Cash and cash equivalents - end of period 230,958 445,608